Wednesday, September 26, 2012

THE KATIPUNAN GOVERNMENT   http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katipunan

The Katipunan was more than a secret. it was also a hidden government. It had two constitutions, the first one in 1892 and the second in 1894.

Supreme Council (Kataastasang Sanggunian) - the central government with a president, a fiscal, a secretary, a treasurer, and a comptroller. 

Deodato Arellano - the first president of the Katipunan. He was replaced by  Andres Bonifacio in 1985. The title of president was changed to Supremo. Bonifacio was the Supremo of the Katipunan from 1895 until his death in 1897.

Pls. follow the link more on Katipunan http://kasaysayan-kkk.info/studies.kkk.mla.htm 

Some of the famous Katipuneros were: Bonifacio, Arellano, Emilio Jacinto (Brains of the Katipunan), Dr. Pio Valenzuela, Valentin Diaz, Jose A. Dizon, Ladislao Diwa, and Teodoro Plata.

Among the famous Katipuneras were: Gregoria de Jesus (wife of Bonifacio) and also called as the "Lakambini if the Katipunan", Marina Dizon, Benita Rodriguez, Marta Saldaña, Semeona de Remigio, and Macaria Pangilinan. 

The Katipuneras guarded the secret documents of the society. When a secret meeting was being held, they pretended it was a party by singing songs and dancing. They made the Katipunan flag and celebrated the anniversaries of the Katipunan. http://elisasoriano.tripod.com/;http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Katipunan    

SECRET INITIATION  OF THE KATIPUNAN

http://www.librarylink.org.ph/featarticle.asp?articleid=72 

The  Katipunan kept its activities secret. If they were caught, the Spanish authorities would surely kill them and punish their families.

http://www.scribd.com/doc/53592570/6/Katipunan-Literature-Katipunan-Literature

Please click all the link for further discussions (the violet one)
NOTE: START READING AT LA SOLIDARIDAD-PEN NAMES in scribd website.


FILIPINO GENERALS OF THE WAR

 1. Antonio Luna in Luzon
 2. Tomas Mascarado, Maximo Hizon, and Sevillano Aquino in Central Luzon
 3. Miguel Malvar in Batangas
 4. Juan Cailles in Laguna
 5. Mariano Trias in Cavite
 6. Paciano Rizal, Pantaleon Garcia, and Artemio Ricarte in Luzon
 7. Vito Belarmino and Jose Paua in Bicol
 8. Martin Delgado, Teresa and the Magbanua brothers (Pascual and Elias) in Iloilo
 9. Vicente Lucban in Samar
 10. Simeon Ola was the last Filipino general to surrender to the Americans on September 25, 1903

OUR COUNTRY AS AN AMERICAN COLONY (between 1898 and 1946)


Philippine Territory in American Times

1. The island archipelagos of the Marianas, Carolines, and Palaus in the South Pacific no longer belonged to the Philippines.

2. Mindanao and Sulu became part of the Philippines. To bring the Muslim Filipinos of the Sulu archipelago into American power, General John C. Bates made an agreement with the sultan of Sulu on August 20, 1899. the Bates Treaty was not approved by the American Congress.

3. Interior Mindanao regions of Luzon and Visayas were now included in Philippine Territory.

AMERICAN COLONIAL POLICY

American colonial policy in the Philippines was unique in the world of colonialism:

1. The Americans said they would go as soon as the Filipinos could stand on their own as a free nation. 

2. The Americans were kinder and more generous than other colonial powers of the same era.

3. The Filipinos adopted American ways very well. 

 
FAMOUS AMERICAN GOVERNOR-GENERAL   

1. William Howard Taft - (1901-1913) - His policy was "The Philippines for the Filipinos". He was popular. Later on, he became the President of the United States in 1908-1912.

2. Frank B. Harrison (1913-1921) - He Filipinized the government with 96% of official jobs going to Filipinos. The longest serving governor general.

3. Leonard Wood (1921-1927) - the most unpopular governor-general. His anti-Filipino policies provoked the Cabinet crisis of 1923, when all of the Filipino members of the Cabinet resigned. He made the famous remark "The best men in the Philippines are the women."

4. Dwight F. Davis (1929-1932) - sports-minded governor-general. He donated the world  famous Davis Cup in tennis.

5. Frank Murphy (1932-1935) - the last governor-general. He reformed the legal system and introduced probation and free lawyers for the poor 
 
AMERICAN COLONIAL GOVERNMENT

1. Military Government (Aug. 14, 1898-July 4, 1901) - This government was run by military generals appointed by the American president. It lasted for three years, during the Filipino-American war. There were three military governors namely:

                             1. Gen. Wesley Merritt
                             2. Gen. Elwell Otis
                             3. Gen. Arthur MacArthur - was the father of Gen. Douglas MacArthur  - the                                                                                                         hero of the World War II

2. Civil Government (July 4, 1901-August 1902) - this government was run by American civilian officials appointed by the American president. But later it was run by Filipino officials elected by the Filipinos. There were several kinds of civilian governments during the American era:

                        1. The Philippine Commission
                        2. The American Governor-General together with the Philippine Assembly
                                           or the Philippine Legislature
                        3. The Commonwealth of the Philippines

THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION

   The first Philippine commission came to the Philippines in 1899. It was led by Dr. Jacob C. Schurman, Cornell University president.

The second Philippine Commission came in 1901-1916. It was led by Judge William Howard Taft. the Taft commission stayed and organized the civil government in the Philippines 

FILIPINO PARTICIPATION IN GOVERNMENT 

 The Americans shared powers with the Filipinos. True to their word, the Americans appointed Filipinos to important positions in government. 

The Philippines was the envy of other colonial people. We proved to the world that we could run our own government.

In 1901, Cayetano Arellano was appointed Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.

In 1903, Gregorio Araneta became the first Cabinet secretary. He was appointed as Secretary of Finance and Justice. This made him the first Filipino to head an executive department.

PHILIPPINE BILL OF 1902   

Congressman Henry A. Cooper stood up and recited before the House the immortal last poem of Dr. Jose Rizal. 

On July 1, 1902, the Philippine Bill of 1902 was passed by Congress. it created the Philippine Assembly.

THE PHILIPPINE ASSEMBLY

  On July 30, 1907, the first free national elections were held in the Philippines for members of the all-Filipino lawmaking body.

The Philippine Assembly was inaugurated on October 16, 1907 at the Manila Grand Opera House. Sergio Osmeña of Cebu was elected Speaker

The Philippine Assembly was the first all Filipino lawmaking body during the American era. The Commission acted like the upper House of Congress and the assembly acted like the lower House.

THE PHILIPPINE LEGISLATURE

National elections were held for members of the new Philippine Legislature. The Nacionalista Party candidates won almost all of the seats.

The new legislature was inaugurated at Manila on October 16, 1916. It had two houses: the Senate and the House of Representatives.

Manuel L. Quezon of Tayabas was elected President of the Senate and Sergio Osmeña again became Speaker of the House 


Reference: Philippine History by Gregorio F. Zaide and Sonia M. Zaide


 Note: Long quiz will be administered next meeting.