THE KATIPUNAN GOVERNMENT   http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katipunan

The Katipunan was more than a secret. it was also a hidden government. It had two constitutions, the first one in 1892 and the second in 1894.

Supreme Council (Kataastasang Sanggunian) - the central government with a president, a fiscal, a secretary, a treasurer, and a comptroller. 

Deodato Arellano - the first president of the Katipunan. He was replaced by  Andres Bonifacio in 1985. The title of president was changed to Supremo. Bonifacio was the Supremo of the Katipunan from 1895 until his death in 1897.

Pls. follow the link more on Katipunan http://kasaysayan-kkk.info/studies.kkk.mla.htm 

Some of the famous Katipuneros were: Bonifacio, Arellano, Emilio Jacinto (Brains of the Katipunan), Dr. Pio Valenzuela, Valentin Diaz, Jose A. Dizon, Ladislao Diwa, and Teodoro Plata.

Among the famous Katipuneras were: Gregoria de Jesus (wife of Bonifacio) and also called as the "Lakambini if the Katipunan", Marina Dizon, Benita Rodriguez, Marta Saldaña, Semeona de Remigio, and Macaria Pangilinan. 

The Katipuneras guarded the secret documents of the society. When a secret meeting was being held, they pretended it was a party by singing songs and dancing. They made the Katipunan flag and celebrated the anniversaries of the Katipunan. http://elisasoriano.tripod.com/;http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Katipunan    

SECRET INITIATION  OF THE KATIPUNAN

http://www.librarylink.org.ph/featarticle.asp?articleid=72 

The  Katipunan kept its activities secret. If they were caught, the Spanish authorities would surely kill them and punish their families.

http://www.scribd.com/doc/53592570/6/Katipunan-Literature-Katipunan-Literature

Please click all the link for further discussions (the violet one)

NOTE: START READING AT LA SOLIDARIDAD-PEN NAMES in scribd website.

FILIPINO GENERALS OF THE WAR

 1. Antonio Luna in Luzon

 2. Tomas Mascarado, Maximo Hizon, and Sevillano Aquino in Central Luzon

 3. Miguel Malvar in Batangas

 4. Juan Cailles in Laguna

 5. Mariano Trias in Cavite

 6. Paciano Rizal, Pantaleon Garcia, and Artemio Ricarte in Luzon

 7. Vito Belarmino and Jose Paua in Bicol

 8. Martin Delgado, Teresa and the Magbanua brothers (Pascual and Elias) in Iloilo

 9. Vicente Lucban in Samar

 10. Simeon Ola was the last Filipino general to surrender to the Americans on September 25, 1903

OUR COUNTRY AS AN AMERICAN COLONY (between 1898 and 1946)

Philippine Territory in American Times

1. The island archipelagos of the Marianas, Carolines, and Palaus in the South Pacific no longer belonged to the Philippines.

2. Mindanao and Sulu became part of the Philippines. To bring the Muslim Filipinos of the Sulu archipelago into American power, General John C. Bates made an agreement with the sultan of Sulu on August 20, 1899. the Bates Treaty was not approved by the American Congress.

3. Interior Mindanao regions of Luzon and Visayas were now included in Philippine Territory.

AMERICAN COLONIAL POLICY

American colonial policy in the Philippines was unique in the world of colonialism:

1. The Americans said they would go as soon as the Filipinos could stand on their own as a free nation. 

2. The Americans were kinder and more generous than other colonial powers of the same era.

3. The Filipinos adopted American ways very well. 

 
FAMOUS AMERICAN GOVERNOR-GENERAL   

1. William Howard Taft - (1901-1913) - His policy was "The Philippines for the Filipinos". He was popular. Later on, he became the President of the United States in 1908-1912.

2. Frank B. Harrison (1913-1921) - He Filipinized the government with 96% of official jobs going to Filipinos. The longest serving governor general.

3. Leonard Wood (1921-1927) - the most unpopular governor-general. His anti-Filipino policies provoked the Cabinet crisis of 1923, when all of the Filipino members of the Cabinet resigned. He made the famous remark "The best men in the Philippines are the women."

4. Dwight F. Davis (1929-1932) - sports-minded governor-general. He donated the world  famous Davis Cup in tennis.

5. Frank Murphy (1932-1935) - the last governor-general. He reformed the legal system and introduced probation and free lawyers for the poor 
 

AMERICAN COLONIAL GOVERNMENT

1. Military Government (Aug. 14, 1898-July 4, 1901) - This government was run by military generals appointed by the American president. It lasted for three years, during the Filipino-American war. There were three military governors namely:

                             1. Gen. Wesley Merritt
                             2. Gen. Elwell Otis
                             3. Gen. Arthur MacArthur - was the father of Gen. Douglas MacArthur  - the                                                                                                         hero of the World War II

2. Civil Government (July 4, 1901-August 1902) - this government was run by American civilian officials appointed by the American president. But later it was run by Filipino officials elected by the Filipinos. There were several kinds of civilian governments during the American era:

                        1. The Philippine Commission
                        2. The American Governor-General together with the Philippine Assembly
                                           or the Philippine Legislature
                        3. The Commonwealth of the Philippines

THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION

   The first Philippine commission came to the Philippines in 1899. It was led by Dr. Jacob C. Schurman, Cornell University president.

The second Philippine Commission came in 1901-1916. It was led by Judge William Howard Taft. the Taft commission stayed and organized the civil government in the Philippines 

FILIPINO PARTICIPATION IN GOVERNMENT 

 The Americans shared powers with the Filipinos. True to their word, the Americans appointed Filipinos to important positions in government. 

The Philippines was the envy of other colonial people. We proved to the world that we could run our own government.

In 1901, Cayetano Arellano was appointed Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.

In 1903, Gregorio Araneta became the first Cabinet secretary. He was appointed as Secretary of Finance and Justice. This made him the first Filipino to head an executive department.

PHILIPPINE BILL OF 1902   

Congressman Henry A. Cooper stood up and recited before the House the immortal last poem of Dr. Jose Rizal. 

On July 1, 1902, the Philippine Bill of 1902 was passed by Congress. it created the Philippine Assembly.

THE PHILIPPINE ASSEMBLY

  On July 30, 1907, the first free national elections were held in the Philippines for members of the all-Filipino lawmaking body.

The Philippine Assembly was inaugurated on October 16, 1907 at the Manila Grand Opera House. Sergio Osmeña of Cebu was elected Speaker

The Philippine Assembly was the first all Filipino lawmaking body during the American era. The Commission acted like the upper House of Congress and the assembly acted like the lower House.

THE PHILIPPINE LEGISLATURE

National elections were held for members of the new Philippine Legislature. The Nacionalista Party candidates won almost all of the seats.

The new legislature was inaugurated at Manila on October 16, 1916. It had two houses: the Senate and the House of Representatives.

Manuel L. Quezon of Tayabas was elected President of the Senate and Sergio Osmeña again became Speaker of the House 


Reference: Philippine History by Gregorio F. Zaide and Sonia M. Zaide


 Note: Long quiz will be administered next meeting.

Phil. History -- Malayan Heritage

Ages before the coming of the Spaniards, our Malay ancestors had brought to our shores their ancestral culture as follows:

1. Food and Drinks
2. Mode of Dressing
3. Tattoos
4. House
5. Natural Courtesy and Politeness
6. Cleanliness and Neatness
7. Amusements
8. Music
9. Marriage Customs
10. The Wedding Ceremony

11. Government

12. Laws

13. Religion

14. Burial and Mourning Customs

15. Superstitions

16. Languages

17. Writing

18. Literacy of the Early Filipinos

19. Literature

20. Education

21. Arts

22. Science

23. Weight and Measures

24. Calendars

25. Coinage

26. Domestic and Foreign Trade

27. Agriculture and Industries

Food and Drinks
     - rice was the staple food of the early Filipinos
     - they cooked their food in earthen pots or in bamboo tubes
     - tuba was the popular wine which was made from coconut same with lambanog- a tagalog wine taken    from the coconut palm http://www.batangas-philippines.com/palm-wine.html
     - Basi - an Ilocano wine made from sugarcane
     - Pangasi  - a Bisayan wine made from fermented wine http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice_wine while tapuy  - an Igorot wine distilled from rice

Mode of Dressing
       - The men wore kangan (a short sleeved jacket) and bahag (a strip of cloth wrapped around the waist and in between the legs)
       - the men used putong ( a piece of cloth wound around the head) instead of a hat
       - the women wore a baro ( a wide-sleeved jacket) and patadyong (skirt)

Tattoos  
      - The tattoos serve  two purposes:
             1. to enhance their bodily beauty
             2. to show their war records

House 
       - The early Filipino houses were made of wood, bamboo, and palm leaves.
       - the Bagobos and Kalingas still live in such houses
       - the Badjaos (sea-gypsies) of Sulu Sea still live in a boat-house as their forefathers did in ancient times

Natural Courtesy and Politeness 
       - when two persons of equal rank met on the road, they removed their putong as a sign of courtesy
       - when he is his superior, he took off his putong and put it over his left shoulder and bowed low.
       - when a man and woman walked together, the man was always behind the woman.

Cleanliness and Neatness
       - the early Filipinos were clean and neat in their personal habits. They bathed daily
       - their favorite hour for bathing in the river was at sunset when they had finished their daily toil

Music
       - kudyapi -tagalog guitar                      - tultogan - Bisayan bamboo drum
       - kalaleng - Tinggian nose-flute             - silbay - Ilocano reed flute
       - kulintang - Moro xylophone               - suracan - Subanum cymbal

       - kumintang-tagalog love dance            - tagumpay-tagalog song of victory
       - mahinhin-tagalog courtship dance       - dallu-Negrito religious song
       - dandansoy-bisayan tuba dance          - ayog-ku- Igorot serenade song 
       - kinnotan-Ilocano art's dance              - bactal-Tagbanua death song
       - paujalay-Moro wedding dance          - dallot-Ilocano ballad song w/c recounts the exploits of Lam- ang
       - tadok - Tinggian love dance               - tudob-Agusan harvest song

Marriage Customs
        - Before marriage, the groom gave a dowry to the family of the bride called bigaykaya
        - the groom had to work in the house of the bride for a certain period of time

Government
        - The early Filipinos had their own form of government called barangay- a Malayan word which was balangay -means sailboat.
        - the ruler of the barangay was called datu also known as hari or raja.
        -the ruler was the chief executive, legislator, and judge and in times of war, he was the commander of the barangay warriors
       - the datu usually obtained his position by inheritance. When the datu died, his son inherited the datuship. If the datu died childless, the barangay chose a man to be the datu on the basis of his wisdom, physical strenght, or wealth.

Laws    
        - The early Filipinos had both oral and written laws. The oral laws were the customs (ugali) of the race which were handed down orally from generation to generation.
        - the written laws promulgated by the datus with the help of the elders, and were put into writing. These written laws were announced to the people by a barangay crier known as umalahokan.

Religion
         -the ancient Filipinos were pagan with the exception of Muslims. Their  supreme God was Bathala, creator of heaven , earth and men.
         - other gods and goddesses were anitos (Tagalog), diwatas (Bisayan)

Burial and Mourning Customs
         - the mourning custom for a deceased datu was called larao.
         - all wars and quarrels were suspended
         - clothes, food, weapons, and sometimes slaves were buried with the dead

Superstitions
        - the early Filipinos believed in witches such as: aswang, mangkukulam, tianak, and the tikbalang
        - they also believed in the magical power of amulets or charms such as: anting-anting, gayuma,
           odom- Bicol magic herb which makes its possessor invisible t the human eye,
           uiga- Bisayan charm which enables any man to cross a river without getting wet

Languages
       - the Malayo-Polynesian languages- the mother tongue of the Pacifi races
       - Father Pedro Chirino in 1604 wrote: "there is no single or general language of the Filipinos extending throughout the islands, but all of them, though there are many different tongues, are so much alike that they may be learned and spoken in short time."     

Writing
        - the early Filipinos used a sharp pointed iron instrument called sipol as a pen.
        - they wrote on  banana leaves, tree-barks, and bamboo tubes

Education
        - the system of the education in the Philippines before the arrival of the Spaniards was generally informal.
        - the children studied in their own homes with their parents or with some old men in the barangays as tutors.

 Domestic and Foreign Trade
       - the usual method of trading with foreign merchants was by barter in which they offered their own products in exchange for the products of other countries.
       - it had been observed by the two early Chinese writers, Chao Ju-kua (1225) and Wang Tayuan (1349)  that Filipinos were honest in their commercial transaction.

Agriculture and Industries
           -Farming was the main industry of ancient Filipinos.
           - Two method of cultivation were used: the kaingin and the regular means of tillage using wooden plows and harrows drawn by carabaos.

******************************************************************************       

OUR HERITAGE FROM INDIA, CHINA AND ARABIA


Early Relations with India

                  - the Hindu visitors to our land came peacefully. They were traders or foreign immigrants.

Hindu antiques or relics from India were found in different place:
        1. gold image of Agusan- this statue of a Hindu goddess was found at Esperanza, Agusan Province in 1917.
        2. Copper image of Ganesha- this statue of elephant god of the Hindus was found in Mactan in 1843.
        3. Gold pendant of Garuda- the legendary bird of India was found in Brooke's Point, Palawa in 1961.

Traces of Hindu culture can be found in our: religion; jobs; writing; language; customs; and races.
In religion, Bathala is of Indian origin
In jobs, weaving cotton cloth, making lotus design, making guitars, making sampaguita flower leis, raising
             fruits (mango, langka) vegetable (ampalaya, patola and ,malunggay)
In writing, our ancient alphabet came from their Sanskrit writing
In language, examples: ama, asawa, halaga, maharlika, nanay, mutya, paa, raha, sandata

Sarong (skirt) and the putong of the ancient Filipinos were of Indian origin.

Early Relations with China  
     
     - like Hindus, the early Chines came to our land to buy and sell only not to conquer or rules us.
     - they also spread Chinese culture to our country, many Chinese settled here and married Filipino women.
 
Our Chinese heritage is economic and social. Traces of Chinese influence are found in our: jobs, costumes, language, and blood.

In jobs, Filipino learned how to make gunpowder, to mine for gold, to work with metal, to use porcelain,
            gongs and metals, and to make kites.                  
In costumes, loose trousers, slippers, wooden shoes (bakya), fans and umbrellas. the use of white clothes 
           for mourning the dead came from the Chinese.
In social customs, respect for elders, arranged  marriages, worship of dead ancestors, use of firecrakers at
          New Year; the vices: the tong (fee) for owners of gambling dens and gambling with jueteng, cards
          and mah-jong,
In language, examples: ate, bakya, bantay, buwisit, gunting, kuya, pinto, and susi
In blood, many Chinese married Filipina women and lived in the Philippines.

Early Relations with Arabia
  
      - Every Filipino today knows about Saudi Arabia because many of our countrymen work there and in other Arab countries in the Middle East. In 1380, the first Arab visitor named Mukdum came to Sulu from Mecca, Saudi Arabia. He spread the Islam, the Muslim religion and built the first mosque (Muslim church) at Simunul, Sulu.

       - In 1450, another Arab missionary named Abu Bakr went to Jolo. Married the princess of Jolo and founded the sultanate of Sulu.

       - In 1475, an Arab trader named Kabungsuwan landed at Cotabato and conquered that valley. Also married the princess and founded the sultanate of Maguindanao.

If the Spaniards had not come and spread Christianity, the Philippines would have become a Muslim country.

Our Arab heritage: religion, politics, social life

Our Arabic heritage is mostly seen among Muslim Filipinos in the south.
The Arabs gave the Muslim filipinos the religion of Islam
In politics, the Arab introduced the sultanate form of government and laws.
Sultan (King); raha (heir); dayang (princess); kali (judge)

Some examples of Muslim customs are: polygamy, divorce and pilgrimage  to Mecca.
Ramadan- the Muslim holy festival of fasting and prayer
Singkil - the royal Muslim dance of the Maranao

 --- end of the topic ---


pls. read and study...

Good luck and God bless!

 
         

K+12 Education Program

Are you in favor of the implementation of the K+12 Education Program?

Society and Culture : Family (for BSIT II Gold & Ruby)

Family is the oldest and basic of all social institutions. John Locke defines the family as a group of persons united by bonds of marriage, blood or adoption, constituting a single household, interacting and communicating with each other in their respective social roles, and creating and maintaining a common culture.

The smallest units are called conjugal families which must include a husband and wife. What is nuclear family then? How this differs to an extended family?

The Filipino Family - during the Spanish period and before the outbreak of World War II, has preserved its solidarity. Family ties were close. The members lived, worked, ate and, among the Catholics heard masses and prayed the Angelus and the Rosary as a family. It is the basic unit of society and the primary social institution  where one is born. Its failure to direct the correct way of its members may destroy the bond that ties as the forerunner destined to rear, develop and discipline the youth of the society.

Types of families on the basis of lineal descent from ancestors:
1. Patrilineal descent
2. Matrilineal descent
3. Bilateral descent

On the basis of the norms of residence, when people marry, they decide to leave the home
1. Neolocal residence
2. Patrilocal residence
3. Matrilocal residence
4. Bilocal residence

On the basis of norms of authority
1. Patriarchal Family
2. Matriarchal Family

The family patterns among Christian Filipinos is the practice of monogamy, while Muslim Filipinos, the practice of polygamy is common. 

   -please refer to the linkages for further discussion-

Give the meaning of the colored/underlined words. Write your answer in the "comment" box  

Society and Culture

1. Values
2. Cultural values

PNoy SONA

Why PNoy didn't mention the K+12 and the RH Bill in his SONA?